WHAT IS METHAMPHETAMINE (METH)?

Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant with a high potential for drug abuse and addiction. It can be found in various forms, such as pills, powders, or chunky crystals, commonly referred to as ice. These forms of Methamphetamine are produced by Transnational Criminal Organisations (TCOs) using readily available over-the-counter ingredients like pseudoephedrine, which can be found in some drug products. The use of Methamphetamine can lead to addiction, posing serious health risks and legal consequences for individuals who engage in illegal Methamphetamine use.

Methamphetamine is a white, odourless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder that can dissolve in water or alcohol and can be administered through snorting, swallowing, smoking, or injecting. Withdrawal symptoms may occur after stopping its use. Methamphetamine has been observed to elevate dopamine levels in the brain, which can reinforce drug-taking behaviour. Injecting Methamphetamine carries a heightened risk of overdose, transmission of blood-borne diseases, and damage to veins and other organs.

After consumption, users experience a rush of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, resulting in a euphoric feeling and energy boost. Some individuals may feel the effects of the drug for up to twelve hours after the initial consumption. Typical short-term effects of the drug include:

• Increased energy, wakefulness, and activity
• Decreased fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Euphoria
• Increased respiration
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Hyperthermia (higher than normal body temperature)

History of Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine has a long history, dating back to its first synthesis by a Japanese chemist in 1893. During World War II, Methamphetamine played a significant role in boosting alertness and diminishing fatigue in military personnel. Unfortunately, the post-war period saw a surge in Methamphetamine abuse, with the injection of the drug reaching epidemic proportions.

This historical context shows how Methamphetamine evolved from a substance with potential benefits to one that would cause widespread addiction and devastation. The growing availability of the drug, combined with its highly addictive nature, has led to an ongoing battle against its abuse and the consequences it brings to individuals and society.

Common street names for Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine, also known as Crystal Meth, is often referred to by various street names, such as:

Methods of Methamphetamine consumption

The Effects of Methamphetamine on the body

Methamphetamine use has a significant physical impact on the body, with effects ranging from increased heart rate and blood pressure to severe tooth decay and long-term health consequences. The drug’s appetite-suppressing effects have also led some individuals to use it as an unsafe weight loss strategy. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy may result in premature birth and a low birth weight, posing risks to both the mother and the child.

The physical effects of Methamphetamine use can be devastating, leading to a myriad of health problems and a decreased quality of life for users. Understanding these effects is crucial for addressing the needs of those struggling with Methamphetamine addiction and providing appropriate support and interventions.

Meth Mouth

Methamphetamine use can lead to a condition known as “Meth mouth,” which is characterised by severe tooth decay and gum disease, often resulting in teeth breaking or falling out. The decay begins at the gum line and gradually progresses to the rest of the tooth, with front teeth typically being the first to be affected.
Meth users may also experience a craving for sugary substances during the “buzz,” which can further contribute to tooth decay. The degree of decay is directly proportional to the amount of Meth used, highlighting the importance of addressing Methamphetamine addiction to protect the user’s oral health.

Sinus infections

Drugs can easily be absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose. These membranes are sensitive however, and the tissue can dry up over time. Worn out mucous membranes can lead to frequent runny or bloody noses and sinus infections. After prolonged snorting, holes can form in the septum, leading to further nasal and respiratory problems.

Bloodborne diseases

Needle sharing for drugs like Meth is common and increases the risk of contracting diseases like HIV and hepatitis C. Repeated use of needles also makes someone more prone to general infections and collapsed veins.

Long-Term Health Consequences

Extended use of Methamphetamine can cause lasting damage to the body, leading to various health issues. Research has indicated that chronic Methamphetamine use may lead to:

• Changes in the brain’s dopamine system, impairing coordination and verbal learning abilities.
• Severe changes in areas of the brain related to emotion and memory, which may not recover even after a long period of sobriety.
• Increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease for individuals who have used Methamphetamine in the past.

Aside from the neurological effects, long-term Methamphetamine use can also result in numerous physical health problems, such as cardiovascular issues, respiratory problems, and kidney damage. The Meth particles in intravenous solutions, can cause blood blockages near the heart, brain, and liver. The solution can also lead to infections of organ tissue, which has very dangerous repercussions.

Recognising and addressing Methamphetamine addiction is essential for preventing these long-term health consequences and supporting individuals on their path to recovery.

The Psychological Impact of Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine use can have profound psychological and emotional effects on users. Its abuse is associated with psychosis, depression, suicide, anxiety, and violent behaviour. The immediate psychological effects of Methamphetamine consumption may include paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions.

Meth's ability to override the brain's production of dopamine can lead the brain to stop creating its own dopamine neurons. Individuals affected by this may be unable to feel pleasure or joy without the use of Meth, leading to the deterioration of one’s mental state.

Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis

Methamphetamine use has been linked to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, which can result in Methamphetamine-induced psychosis. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis is a mental disorder and can be characterised by symptoms such as:

• Psychotic behaviour
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Paranoia
• Disorganised thinking
• Anxiety and agitation
• Insomnia

Mental disorders

Often, methamphetamine users have co-occurring mental health issues. Depression is the most common comorbid mental health disorder amongst meth users due to the drug's interference with dopamine signalling. Anxiety is also common during both active use and withdrawal. Some individuals with ADHD may be at an increased risk of using meth because of their increased likelihood of previous exposure to stimulant medications such as Adderall or Ritalin.

Recognising Methamphetamine Addiction

Recognising Methamphetamine addiction involves observing physical, behavioural & psychological signs to identify the issue & support individuals in seeking treatment. Identifying Methamphetamine addiction can be challenging, but there are several signs and symptoms that may indicate a problem. Physical indications of Methamphetamine addiction may include thinning body and decaying teeth, while behavioural changes such as mood swings and alterations in physical appearance may also be present. Indications that a loved one may be addicted to Methamphetamine include:

• Hyperactivity
• Twitching, facial tics, jerky movements
• Paranoia
• Dilated pupils
• Euphoria
• Noticeable and sudden weight loss
• Skin sores
• Rapid eye movement
• Reduced appetite
• Agitation
• Burns, particularly on the lips or fingers
• Erratic sleeping patterns
• Rotting teeth
• Outbursts or mood swings

If you suspect a loved one is using Meth, these behavioural, physical, and psychological signs and symptoms may help confirm your suspicions. Recognising Methamphetamine addiction, a form of drug addiction, is an essential first step in addressing the issue and providing support for the individual. By identifying the signs of addiction, family members, friends, and healthcare professionals can help the individual seek appropriate treatment and begin the journey to recovery.

Treatment Options for Methamphetamine Addiction

While there are currently no government-approved medications for treating Methamphetamine addiction, behavioural therapies have been identified as the most effective treatments thus far.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy can be of great benefit for individuals with a Methamphetamine addiction. It can help individuals recognise the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours related to their substance use, and can help them manage strong emotions like stress that can trigger them to use. Many individuals with a substance abuse disorder also have a comorbid mental health disorder such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is also effective for treating Methamphetamine addiction as well as any co-occurring mental health conditions that may be present.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

RTMS has shown therapeutic potential for treating patients with Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) and Methamphetamine addiction. High-frequency rTMS can alter the dopaminergic neurotransmission, affecting the rewarding and reinforcing effects of Methamphetamine in the brain. As a non-invasive treatment technique, rTMS has a positive effect on reducing cravings and regulating brain function in addicted individuals.

Methamphetamine Overdose: Symptoms and Treatment

Methamphetamine overdose is a serious concern, and recognising the signs is crucial for seeking appropriate help and treatment. Signs of Methamphetamine overdose may include:

• Aggressive behaviour
• Confusion
• Dark urine
• Dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when arising suddenly from a lying or sitting position
• Hallucinations
• Headache
• Dangerously high body temperature
• Raised blood pressure
• Irregular heartbeat
• Muscle twitching
• Nausea and vomiting
• Panic
• Seizures
• Severe abdominal pain
• Tremors
• Difficulty breathing

Potential consequences of a Methamphetamine overdose may include stroke, heart attack, or organ complications. If you suspect someone is experiencing a Methamphetamine overdose, it is vital to seek immediate medical attention to prevent serious harm or death.

Preventing Methamphetamine Abuse and Addiction

Preventing Methamphetamine abuse and addiction requires a comprehensive approach, leveraging various strategies and resources. Prevention strategies may include community-based prevention programmes, evidence-based prevention programmes and activities, comprehensive strategic plans, and education on the adverse effects of Methamphetamine use. Community-based interventions and initiatives, such as public awareness campaigns, drug education programmes, and drug treatment programmes at a community level, can play a significant role in preventing illicit drug use.

To support individuals in recovery, resources such as support groups, counselling, and medication-assisted treatment may be available. By implementing comprehensive prevention strategies and providing resources for those in recovery, communities can effectively combat Methamphetamine abuse and addiction.

Methamphetamine continues to devastate lives and communities worldwide, but understanding the complexities of the drug and its impact on users is crucial for prevention, intervention, and recovery. By staying informed about Methamphetamine’s history, chemical structure, methods of consumption, effects on the body and mind, signs of addiction, treatment options, and legal consequences, individuals and communities can take proactive steps to address this ongoing crisis. Together, we can work towards a future free from the devastation caused by Methamphetamine addiction.

As specialists in addiction treatment, The Kusnacht Practice is fully equipped to treat Methamphetamine addiction and ensures health and care excellence. Providing individualised care with an array of specialised mental health therapies and treatments suited to your needs and goals, our psychiatric and medical teams are dedicated to your well-being.

Get in touch if you or someone you know needs treatment for methamphetamine addiction.